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اگر از سرعت وب سایت خود راضی نیستید, اگر زیر حملات DDoS قرار دارید و کسی از شما حمایت نمی کند

سنترال هاستینگ را امتحان کنید,

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روش جلوگیری از حملات دی داس - DDos

ابتدا بوسیله برنامه پوتی (Putty) که لینک دانلود آن در بخش داونلود فایل موجود میباشد وارد SSH سرور مجازی یا اختصاصی خود شوید سپس دستورات زیر را به ترتیب اجرا کنید:

wget http://www.inetbase.com/scripts/ddos/install.sh

sh install.sh

cd /usr/local/ddos/;./ddos.sh

sh /usr/local/ddos/ddos.sh

در صورتی که مایل به ویرایش تنظیمات بودید بوسیله این دستور این کارو انجام بدید:

pico /usr/local/ddos/ddos.conf

پیشنهاد ما برای مقابله در مقابل حملات DDOS استفاده از هاستینگ های مخصوص این کار می باشد

سنترال هاستینگ یکی از معدود خدمات دهنده های Ddos Protection در ایران می باشد

هاست قدرتمند DDOS protection

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Under Ddos Attack?
We Introduction the best & Top Ddos protection Hosting!

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Experts rely on Black Lotus

Keeping websites, servers, and networks online is our core competency. Each day, Black Lotus is on the front lines defending service providers, enterprises, and end users against massive, complex DDoS attacks in order to ensure complete availability of our partner networks. From routine requirements to emergencies, Black Lotus DDoS mitigation technology is at the forefront of zero day defense.
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GET STRONG DDoS PROTECTION
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3.ddosbreak.com 

DDoSBreak.com Data Centre was founded as a full service web agency and CDN provider that also offered enterprise class hosting services. We decided to focus on ddos protected hosting, ddos protection, ddos mitigation technologies and narrowed our services. DDoSBreak.com Data Centre is a profitable, financially-stable hosting CDN provider. It has a steadily-growing client base and increasing revenue.
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For business and enterprise customers

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are on the rise and have evolved into complex and overwhelming security challenges for organizations large and small. Although DoS attacks are not a recent phenomenon, the methods and resources available to conduct and mask such attacks have dramatically evolved to include distributed (DDoS) and, more recently, distributed reflector (DRDoS) attacks—attacks that simply cannot be addressed by traditional on-premise solutions.
CloudFlare's advanced DDoS protection, provisioned as a service at the network edge, matches the sophistication and scale of such threats, and can be used to mitigate DDoS attacks of all forms and sizes including those that target the UDP and ICMP protocols, as well as SYN/ACK, DNS amplification and Layer 7 attacks. This document explains the anatomy of each attack method and how the CloudFlare network is designed to protect your web presence from such threats.
Below you will find detailed information on these attacks and how the CloudFlare network protects against them:

• Layer 3/4 attacks
• DNS amplification attacks
• SMURF attacks
• ACK attacks
• Layer 7 attacks
• Making DoS a thing of the past

Layer 3/4 attacks

Most DDoS attacks target the transport and network layers of a communications system. These layers are represented as layers 3 and 4 of the OSI model. The so called "transport" layer of the network stack specifies the protocol (e.g., TCP or UDP) by which two hosts on a network communicate with one another. Attacks directed at layers 3 and 4 are designed to flood a network interface with attack traffic in order to overwhelm its resources and deny it the ability to respond to legitimate traffic. More specifically, attacks of this nature aim to saturate the capacity of a network switch, or overwhelm a server's network card or its CPU's ability to handle attack traffic.
Layer 3 and 4 attacks are difficult—if not impossible—to mitigate with an on-premise solution. If an attacker can send more traffic than a network link can handle, no amount of additional hardware resources will help to mitigate such an attack. For example, if you have a router with a 10Gbps port and an attacker sends you 11Gbps of attack traffic, no amount of intelligent software or hardware will allow you to stop the attack if the network link is completely saturated.
Very large layer 3/4 attacks nearly always originate from a number of sources. These many sources each send attack traffic to a single Internet location creating a tidal wave that overwhelms a target's resources. In this sense, the attack is distributed. The sources of attack traffic can be a group of individuals working together, a botnet of compromised PCs, a botnet of compromised servers, misconfigured DNS resolvers or even home Internet routers with weak passwords.
Because an attacker launching a layer 3/4 attack doesn't care about receiving a response to the requests they send, the packets that make up the attack do not have to be accurate or correctly formatted. Attackers will regularly spoof all information in the attack packets, including the source IP, making it look as if the attack is coming from a virtually infinite number of sources. As packet data can be fully randomized, even techniques such as upstream IP filtering become virtually useless.
With CloudFlare, all attack traffic that would otherwise directly hit your server infrastructure is automatically routed to CloudFlare's global Anycast network of datacenters. Once attack traffic is shifted, we are able to leverage the significant global capacity of our network, as well as racks-upon-racks of server infrastructure, to absorb the floods of attack traffic at our network edge. This means that CloudFlare is able to prevent even a single packet of attack traffic from a traditional layer 3/4 attack from ever reaching a site protected by CloudFlare.

DNS amplification attacks

DNS amplification attacks, one form of DRDoS, are on the rise and have become the largest source of Layer 3/4 DDoS attacks. CloudFlare routinely mitigates attacks that exceed 100Gpbs, and recently protected a customer from an attack that exceeded 300Gbps—an attack the New York Times deemed the "largest publicly announced DDoS attack in the history of the Internet."
In a DNS reflection attack the attacker sends a request for a large DNS zone file—with the source IP address spoofed as the IP address of the intended victim—to a large number of open DNS resolvers. The resolvers then respond to the request, sending the large DNS zone answer to the IP address of the intended victim. The attackers' requests themselves are only a fraction of the size of the responses, allowing the attacker to amplify their attack to many times the size of the bandwidth resources they themselves control.
There are two criterion for an amplification attack: 1.) a query can be sent with a spoofed source address (e.g., via a protocol like ICMP or UDP that does not require a handshake); and 2.) the response to the query is significantly larger than the query itself. DNS is a core, ubiquitous Internet platform that meets these criteria, and therefore has become the largest source of amplification attacks.
DNS queries are typically transmitted over UDP, meaning that, like ICMP queries used in a SMURF attack (described below), they are fire-and-forget. As a result, the source attribute of a DNS query can be spoofed and the receiver has no way of determining its veracity before responding. DNS is also capable of generating a much larger response than query. For example, you can send the following (tiny) query (where x.x.x.x is the IP of an open DNS resolver):

dig ANY isc.org @x.x.x.x +edns=0

And get back the following gigantic response:

; <<>> DiG 9.7.3 <<>> ANY isc.org @x.x.x.x
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 5147
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 27, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 5

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;isc.org.                        IN        ANY

;; ANSWER SECTION:
isc.org.                4084        IN        SOA       ns-int.isc.org. hostmaster.isc.org. 2012102700 7200 3600 24796800 3600
isc.org.                4084        IN        A         149.20.64.42
isc.org.                4084        IN        MX        10 mx.pao1.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        MX        10 mx.ams1.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        TXT       "v=spf1 a mx ip4:204.152.184.0/21 ip4:149.20.0.0/16 ip6:2001:04F8::0/32 ip6:2001:500:60::65/128 ~all"
isc.org.                4084        IN        TXT       "$Id: isc.org,v 1.1724 2012-10-23 00:36:09 bind Exp $"
isc.org.                4084        IN        AAAA      2001:4f8:0:2::d
isc.org.                4084        IN        NAPTR     20 0 "S" "SIP+D2U" "" _sip._udp.isc.org.
isc.org.                484         IN        NSEC      _kerberos.isc.org. A NS SOA MX TXT AAAA NAPTR RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY SPF
isc.org.                4084        IN        DNSKEY    256 3 5 BQEAAAAB2F1v2HWzCCE9vNsKfk0K8vd4EBwizNT9KO6WYXj0oxEL4eOJ aXbax/BzPFx+3qO8B8pu8E/JjkWH0oaYz4guUyTVmT5Eelg44Vb1kssy q8W27oQ+9qNiP8Jv6zdOj0uCB/N0fxfVL3371xbednFqoECfSFDZa6Hw jU1qzveSsW0=
isc.org.                4084        IN        DNSKEY    257 3 5 BEAAAAOhHQDBrhQbtphgq2wQUpEQ5t4DtUHxoMVFu2hWLDMvoOMRXjGr hhCeFvAZih7yJHf8ZGfW6hd38hXG/xylYCO6Krpbdojwx8YMXLA5/kA+ u50WIL8ZR1R6KTbsYVMf/Qx5RiNbPClw+vT+U8eXEJmO20jIS1ULgqy3 47cBB1zMnnz/4LJpA0da9CbKj3A254T515sNIMcwsB8/2+2E63/zZrQz Bkj0BrN/9Bexjpiks3jRhZatEsXn3dTy47R09Uix5WcJt+xzqZ7+ysyL KOOedS39Z7SDmsn2eA0FKtQpwA6LXeG2w+jxmw3oA8lVUgEf/rzeC/bB yBNsO70aEFTd
isc.org.                4084        IN        SPF       "v=spf1 a mx ip4:204.152.184.0/21 ip4:149.20.0.0/16 ip6:2001:04F8::0/32 ip6:2001:500:60::65/128 ~all"
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     NS 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. oFeNy69Pn+/JnnltGPUZQnYzo1YGglMhS/SZKnlgyMbz+tT2r/2v+X1j AkUl9GRW9JAZU+x0oEj5oNAkRiQqK+D6DC+PGdM2/JHa0X41LnMIE2NX UHDAKMmbqk529fUy3MvA/ZwR9FXurcfYQ5fnpEEaawNS0bKxomw48dcp Aco=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     SOA 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. S+DLHzE/8WQbnSl70geMYoKvGlIuKARVlxmssce+MX6DO/J1xdK9xGac XCuAhRpTMKElKq2dIhKp8vnS2e+JTZLrGl4q/bnrrmhQ9eBS7IFmrQ6s 0cKEEyuijumOPlKCCN9QX7ds4siiTIrEOGhCaamEgRJqVxqCsg1dBUrR hKk=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     MX 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. VFqFWRPyulIT8VsIdXKMpMRJTYpdggoGgOjKJzKJs/6ZrxmbJtmAxgEu /rkwD6Q9JwsUCepNC74EYxzXFvDaNnKp/Qdmt2139h/xoZsw0JVA4Z+b zNQ3kNiDjdV6zl6ELtCVDqj3SiWDZhYB/CR9pNno1FAF2joIjYSwiwbS Lcw=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     TXT 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. Ojj8YCZf3jYL9eO8w4Tl9HjWKP3CKXQRFed8s9xeh5TR3KI3tQTKsSeI JRQaCXkADiRwHt0j7VaJ3xUHa5LCkzetcVgJNPmhovVa1w87Hz4DU6q9 k9bbshvbYtxOF8xny/FCiR5c6NVeLmvvu4xeOqSwIpoo2zvIEfFP9deR UhA=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     AAAA 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. hutAcro0NBMvKU/m+2lF8sgIYyIVWORTp/utIn8KsF1WOwwM2QMGa5C9 /rH/ZQBQgN46ZMmiEm4LxH6mtaKxMsBGZwgzUEdfsvVtr+fS5NUoA1rF wg92eBbInNdCvT0if8m1Sldx5/hSqKn8EAscKfg5BMQp5YDFsllsTauA 8Y4=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     NAPTR 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. ZD14qEHR7jVXn5uJUn6XR9Lvt5Pa7YTEW94hNAn9Lm3Tlnkg11AeZiOU 3woQ1pg+esCQepKCiBlplPLcag3LHlQ19OdACrHGUzzM+rnHY50Rn/H4 XQTqUWHBF2Cs0CvfqRxLvAl5AY6P2bb/iUQ6hV8Go0OFvmMEkJOnxPPw 5i4=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     NSEC 5 2 3600 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. rY1hqZAryM045vv3bMY0wgJhxHJQofkXLeRLk20LaU1mVTyu7uair7jb MwDVCVhxF7gfRdgu8x7LPSvJKUl6sn731Y80CnGwszXBp6tVpgw6oOcr Pi0rsnzC6lIarXLwNBFmLZg2Aza6SSirzOPObnmK6PLQCdmaVAPrVJQs FHY=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     DNSKEY 5 2 7200 20121125230126 20121026230126 4442 isc.org. i0S2MFqvHB3wOhv2IPozE/IQABM/eDDCV2D7dJ3AuOwi1A3sbYQ29XUd BK82+mxxsET2U6hv64crpbGTNJP3OsMxNOAFA0QYphoMnt0jg3OYg+AC L2j92kx8ZdEhxKiE6pm+cFVBHLLLmXGKLDaVnffLv1GQIl5YrIyy4jiw h0A=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     DNSKEY 5 2 7200 20121125230126 20121026230126 12892 isc.org. j1kgWw+wFFw01E2z2kXq+biTG1rrnG1XoP17pIOToZHElgpy7F6kEgyj fN6e2C+gvXxOAABQ+qr76o+P+ZUHrLUEI0ewtC3v4HziMEl0Z2/NE0MH qAEdmEemezKn9O1EAOC7gZ4nU5psmuYlqxcCkUDbW0qhLd+u/8+d6L1S nlrD/vEi4R1SLl2bD5VBtaxczOz+2BEQLveUt/UusS1qhYcFjdCYbHqF JGQziTJv9ssbEDHT7COc05gG+A1Av5tNN5ag7QHWa0VE+Ux0nH7JUy0N ch1kVecPbXJVHRF97CEH5wCDEgcFKAyyhaXXh02fqBGfON8R5mIcgO/F DRdXjA==
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     SPF 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. IB/bo9HPjr6aZqPRkzf9bXyK8TpBFj3HNQloqhrguMSBfcMfmJqHxKyD ZoLKZkQk9kPeztau6hj2YnyBoTd0zIVJ5fVSqJPuNqxwm2h9HMs140r3 9HmbnkO7Fe+Lu5AD0s6+E9qayi3wOOwunBgUkkFsC8BjiiGrRKcY8GhC kak=
isc.org.                484         IN        RRSIG     A 5 2 7200 20121125230752 20121026230752 4442 isc.org. ViS+qg95DibkkZ5kbL8vCBpRUqI2/M9UwthPVCXl8ciglLftiMC9WUzq Ul3FBbri5CKD/YNXqyvjxyvmZfkQLDUmffjDB+ZGqBxSpG8j1fDwK6n1 hWbKf7QSe4LuJZyEgXFEkP16CmVyZCTITUh2TNDmRgsoxrvrOqOePWhp 8+E=
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ns.isc.afilias-nst.info.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ams.sns-pb.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ord.sns-pb.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        sfba.sns-pb.isc.org.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ns.isc.afilias-nst.info.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ams.sns-pb.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        ord.sns-pb.isc.org.
isc.org.                4084        IN        NS        sfba.sns-pb.isc.org.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
mx.ams1.isc.org.        484         IN        A         199.6.1.65
mx.ams1.isc.org.        484         IN        AAAA      2001:500:60::65
mx.pao1.isc.org.        484         IN        A         149.20.64.53
mx.pao1.isc.org.        484         IN        AAAA      2001:4f8:0:2::2b
_sip._udp.isc.org.      4084        IN        SRV       0 1 5060 asterisk.isc.org.

;; Query time: 176 msec
;; SERVER: x.x.x.x#53(x.x.x.x)
;; WHEN: Tue Oct 30 01:14:32 2012
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 3223

That's a 64 byte query that resulted in a 3,223 byte response. In other words, an attacker is able to achieve a 50x amplification over whatever traffic they can initiate to an open DNS resolver.
CloudFlare's "Anycast" network was specifically designed to stop massive layer 3/4 attacks. By using Anycast, we are able to announce the same IP addresses from each of our 23 worldwide data centers. The network itself load balances requests to the nearest facility. Under normal circumstances this helps us ensure that your site's visitors are automatically routed to the nearest data center on our network to ensure the best performance. When there is an attack, Anycast serves to effectively scatter and dilute attack traffic across our entire network of data centers. Because every data center announces the same IP address for any CloudFlare customer, traffic cannot be directed to any one location. Instead of the attack being many-to-one, it becomes many-to-many with no single point on the network a single point of failure.

SMURF attacks

One of the first amplification attacks was known as a SMURF attack. In a SMURF attack an attacker sends ICMP requests (i.e., ping requests) to a network's broadcast address (i.e., X.X.X.255) announced from a router configured to relay ICMP to all devices behind the router. The attacker then spoofs the source of the ICMP request to be the IP address of the intended victim. Because ICMP does not include a handshake, the destination has no means of verifying if the source IP is legitimate. The router receives the request and passes it on to all the devices that sit behind it. Each of these devices then respond back to the ping. The attacker is able to amplify the attack by a multiple equal to the number of devices behind the router (i.e., if you have 5 devices behind the router then the attacker is able to amplify the attack 5x, see the diagram below).
SMURF attacks are largely a thing of the past. For the most part, network operators have configured their routers to disable the relay of ICMP requests sent to a network's broadcast address.

ACK attacks

In order to understand an ACK attack, one must delve into the world of TCP. When a TCP connection is established there is a handshake. The server initiating the TCP session first sends a SYN (for synchronize) request to the receiving server. The receiving server responds with an ACK (for acknowledge). After that handshake, data can be exchanged.
In an ACK reflection attack, the attacker sends lots of SYN packets to servers with a spoofed source IP address pointing to the intended victim. The servers then respond to the victim's IP with an ACK creating the attack.
Like DNS reflection attacks, ACK attacks disguise the source of the attack making it appear to come from legitimate servers. However, unlike a DNS reflection attack, there is no amplification factor: the bandwidth from the ACKs is symmetrical to the bandwidth the attacker has to generate the SYNs. The CloudFlare network is configured to drop unmatched ACKs, which mitigates these types of attacks.

Layer 7 attacks

A new breed of attacks target Layer 7 of the OSI model, the "application" layer. These attacks focus on specific characteristics of web applications that create bottlenecks. For example, the so-called Slow Read attack sends packets slowly across multiple connections. Because Apache opens a new thread for each connection, and since connections are maintained as long as there is traffic being sent, an attacker can overwhelm a web server by exhausting its thread pool relatively quickly.
CloudFlare has protections in place against many of these attacks, and in real world experiences we generally reduce HTTP attack traffic by 90%. For most attacks, and for most of our customers, this is enough to keep them online. However, the 10% of traffic that does get through traditional protections can still be overwhelming to customers with limited resources or in the face of very large attacks. In this case, CloudFlare offers a security setting called "I'm Under Attack" mode (IUAM).
IUAM is a security level you can set for your site when you're under attack. When IUAM is turned on, CloudFlare will add an additional layer of protections to stop malicious HTTP traffic from being passed to your server. While a number of additional checks are performed in the background, an interstitial page is presented to your site's visitors for 5 seconds while the checks are completed. Think of it as a challenge where the tests are automatic and visitors never need to fill in a CAPTCHA.

Ddos protection hosting

What is DDos Attack?

A Denial of Service attack (DoS) or Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDoS) aims at rendering a computer resource either unavailable or with sufficiently crippled user accessibility. There are different techniques and means to launch such attacks. Motives could also be very varied, as well as the targets. DDoS attacks usually represent the organized attempts to make a web site or service not function or cause sufficient downtime for a limited time or permanently.

Typical targets of DoS attacks include all kinds of (prominent or not so prominent) sites or services such as financial and banking institutions, online e-commerce establishments, news & media sites, online gaming communities, the public sector, and lately, even entire countries.

Type of Ddos

There are four primary types of DDoS attacks that provide the foundation for numerous variations and combinations. Below is a brief description of what they are and how they affect site/server accessibility.

SYN flood - numerous TCP connection requests (SYN packets, the first packet of the three-way handshake) are sent to a machine at such a rate that it cannot cope to process all of them. Often, these packets are sent with randomly-generated spoofed source IP addresses. The server responds to SYN request by sending a SYN-ACK trying to establish a valid connection, then waits for confirmation (ACK) for some time, yet such confirmation never arrives. Thus, the connection table of the server fills up and as it does, all new connections are dropped and legitimate users are effectively cut off from accessing the server.

Connection flood is an attack that creates a vast number of empty connections to the targeted server. Only packets establishing the three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) are sent with no data transfer, the server starts waiting, within keepalive TCP parameters if such are set at all, for data that never comes through. As the name suggests, the aim is to create a large number of real connections, coming from real IP's, eating into the backlog connection capacity of targeted web servers.

UDP flood is mostly aimed at bandwidth depletion. A large number of big (up to 35Kb) packets are being sent, often with spoofed source IP addresses to a targeted host through the stateless computer networking protocol UDP. In order to intensify bandwidth abuse, sometimes packets are sent to random ports on the host, thus increasing return ICMP rates, in which case the victim server usually replies with an ICMP Destination Unreachable packet after checking for application listening at the respective port and finding none. Connection bandwidth is depleted, rendering the server unreachable by real clients.

HTTP flood aims to bring down a machine through en masse addressing of a single or multiple URLs within a domain, thus causing a webserver overload and as a result - hardware resource depletion. HTTP Flood attacks sometimes lead to physical destruction of server hardware, due to its inability to cope with the overload on CPU and RAM. Rather than going after static content, attackers prefer to target dynamic content in order to amplify hardware load. As the server gets busy with the attack requests, it cuts off or considerably slows down "good" traffic generated by legitimate users.

If you own a Business website with Higher Visitors and If you are under DDoS attack, DDoS Protected Hosting Packages are for you. You can choose any of our DDoS Protected Hosting service to make your website live against any DDoS attack. 

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Remote Desktop Protocol

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft, which provides a user with a graphical interface to connect to another computer over a network connection. The user employs RDP client software for this purpose, while the other computer must run RDP server software.

Clients exist for most versions of Microsoft Windows (including Windows Mobile), Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, iOS, Android, and other modern operating systems. RDP servers are built into Windows operating systems; an RDP server for Linux also exists. By default, the server listens on TCP port 3389.[1]

Microsoft currently refers to their official RDP server software as Remote Desktop Services, formerly "Terminal Services". Their official client software is currently referred to as Remote Desktop Connection, formerly "Terminal Services Client".

The protocol is an extension of the ITU-T T.128 application sharing protocol.

Security issues

The RDP protocol in its default configuration is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack. Administrators can enable transport layer encryption to mitigate this risk.
RDP sessions are also susceptible to in-memory credential harvesting, which can be used to launch pass the hash attacks.

In March 2012, Microsoft released an update for a critical security vulnerability in the RDP protocol. The vulnerability allowed a Windows computer to be compromised by unauthenticated clients and computer worms.
RDP client version 6.1 can be used to reveal the names and pictures of all users on the RDP Server (no matter which Windows version) in order to pick one, if no username is specified for the RDP connection.

Linux-VServer

Linux-VServer is a virtual private server implementation that was created by adding operating system-level virtualization capabilities to the Linux kernel. It is developed and distributed as open-source software.

The project was started by Jacques Gélinas. It is now maintained by Herbert Pötzl of Austria and is not related to the Linux Virtual Server project, which implements network load balancing.

Linux-VServer is a jail mechanism in that it can be used to securely partition resources on a computer system (such as the file system, CPU time, network addresses and memory) in such a way that processes cannot mount a denial-of-service attack on anything outside their partition.

Each partition is called a security context, and the virtualized system within it is the virtual private server. A chroot-like utility for descending into security contexts is provided. Booting a virtual private server is then simply a matter of kickstarting init in a new security context; likewise, shutting it down simply entails killing all processes with that security context. The contexts themselves are robust enough to boot many Linux distributions unmodified, including Debian and Fedora.

Virtual private servers are commonly used in web hosting services, where they are useful for segregating customer accounts, pooling resources and containing any potential security breaches. To save space on such installations, each virtual server's file system can be created as a tree of copy-on-write hard links to a "template" file system. The hard link is marked with a special filesystem attribute and when modified, is securely and transparently replaced with a real copy of the file.

Linux-VServer provides two branches, stable (2.2.x), and devel (2.3.x) for 2.6-series kernels and a single stable branch for 2.4-series. A separate stable branch integrating the grsecurity patch set is also available.

Advantages

    Virtual servers share the same system call interface and do not have any emulation overhead.
    Virtual servers do not have to be backed by opaque disk images, but can share a common file system and common sets of files (through copy-on-write hard links). This makes it easier to back up a system and to pool disk space amongst virtual servers.
    Processes within the virtual server run as regular processes on the host system. This is somewhat more memory-efficient and I/O-efficient than whole-system emulation, which cannot return "unused" memory or share a disk cache with the host and other virtual servers.
    Processes within the virtual server are queued on the same scheduler as on the host, allowing guests processes to run concurrently on SMP systems. This is not trivial to implement with whole-system emulation.
    Networking is based on isolation rather than virtualization, so there is no additional overhead for packets.
    Smaller plane for security bugs. Only one kernel with small additional code-base compared to 2+ kernels and large interfaces between them.
    Rich Linux scheduling features such as real-time priorities.

Disadvantages

    Requires that the host kernel be patched.
    All virtual servers share the same kernel so all must be Linux. (Because of backwards compatibility in user-space API, this does not impair use of old Linux programs or distributions.[citation needed])
    No clustering or process migration capability is included, so the host kernel and host computer is still a single point of failure for all virtual servers.
    Networking is based on isolation, not virtualization. This prevents each virtual server from creating its own internal routing or firewalling setup.
    Some system calls (mostly hardware-related: e.g. real-time clock) and parts of the /proc and /sys filesystems are left unvirtualized.
    Does not allow disk I/O bandwidth to be allocated on a per-virtual server basis.

what is Virtual private server (vps) ?

A virtual private server (VPS) is a virtual machine sold as a service by an Internet hosting service.[1]

A VPS runs its own copy of an operating system, and customers have superuser-level access to that operating system instance, so can install almost any software that runs on that OS. For many purposes they are functionally equivalent to a dedicated physical server, and being software defined are able to be much more easily created and configured. They are priced much lower than an equivalent physical server, but as they share the underlying physical hardware with other VPSs, the performance may be less, and may depend on the workload of other instances on the same hardware node.

Virtualization

The force driving server virtualization is similar to that which led to the development of time-sharing and multiprogramming in the past. Although the resources are still shared, as under the time-sharing model, virtualization provides a higher level of security, dependent on the type of virtualisation used, as the individual virtual servers are mostly isolated from each other and may run their own full-fledged operating system which can be independently rebooted as a virtual instance.

Partitioning a single server to appear as multiple servers has been increasingly common on microcomputers since the launch of VMware ESX Server in 2001. The physical server typically runs a hypervisor which is tasked with creating, releasing, and managing the resources of "guest" operating systems, or virtual machines. These guest operating systems are allocated a share of resources of the physical server, typically in a manner in which the guest is not aware of any other physical resources save for those allocated to it by the hypervisor. As a VPS runs its own copy of its operating system, customers have superuser-level access to that operating system instance, and can install almost any software that runs on the OS, however due to the number of virtualization clients typically running on a single machine, a VPS generally has limited processor time, RAM, and disk space.

Although VMware and Hyper-V dominate in-house corporate virtualization, they are less common for VPS providers, mainly due to cost and limitations - who typically use products such as OpenVZ, Virtuozzo, Xen or KVM.

Hosting

Many companies offer virtual private server hosting or virtual dedicated server hosting as an extension for web hosting services. There are several challenges to consider when licensing proprietary software in multi-tenant virtual environments.

With unmanaged hosting, the customer is left to administrate their own server instance.

Unmetered hosting is generally offered with no limit on the amount of data-transferred on a fixed bandwidth line. Usually, unmetered hosting is offered with 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s or 1000 Mbit/s (with some as high as 10Gbit/s). This means that the customer is theoretically able to use 3.33~ TB on 10 Mbit/s, 33~ TB on 100 Mbit/s and 333~ TB on a 1000 Mbit/s line per month (although in practice the values will be significantly less). In a virtual private server, this will be shared bandwidth and (should) mean there is a fair usage policy involved. Unlimited hosting is also commonly marketed but generally limited by acceptable usage policies and terms of service. Offers of unlimited disk space and bandwidth are generally false due to carrier capacities and technological boundaries.

Cloud servers

Main article: Cloud computing

A VPS which is dynamic (that is, it can be changed at runtime) is often referred to as a cloud server. Key attributes for this are:

    Additional hardware resources can be added at runtime (CPU, RAM)
    Server can be moved to other hardware while the server is running (automatically according to load in some cases)

Also read:

A virtual private server or VPS is a type of internet hosting service that makes use of a virtual machine. The so-called virtual machine is the one that caters the needs of each and every user. Well in terms of its overall service, it is quite similar to a shared web hosting service. However, the main difference is that the given server functions that you will receive is similar to a dedicated server. It is mainly enhanced to give all your web hosting needs. It offers useful tools that let you create and configure your own site. It also does not jeopardize the security of your website since it offers the similar privacy that you could experience with a separate server. It can also be easily configured to run different software systems.

Unmanaged and Unmetered Hosting

As mentioned before, a VPS hosting offers utmost independence for your site. Well, the basis for such statement is that it practically offers you unmanaged and unmetered hosting options. For unmanaged hosting, you are given the opportunity to take care of your own web site. From its maintenance, configurations to all other little details, you are responsible for everything. As for unmetered hosting, it offers you unlimited data transfers depending on your plan.

The Several Uses of a Virtual Private Server

The good thing about this type of internet service is that it offers you the best of both worlds. It is likely comparable to a shared hosting service since it is very cheap and affordable. So if ever you are in a tight budget, you do not have to worry about the monthly terms and all other charges. But in terms of capacity and services, it is like a dedicated hosting service. It easily gives you the independence and the freedom to use VPS service without the need to worry about the price and the security of your web page. VPS services is also great since it also lets you install different applications and programs without affecting the other website owners that use the same virtual server.

The Limitations of a Virtual Private Server

Though a Virtual Private Server can be considered as one of the best web hosting options nowadays, it still has several limitations. It places several restrictions. It places a limited processor time, RAM, and disk space allotment to its users. So if you want unlimited disk space for your site, this is something that you must thoroughly consider.

The Availability of a Virtual Private Server

There are several VPS hosting providers nowadays. The key is to find a reliable one that could easily provide all your needs and requirements for your site. If you want, you can visit online forums or consult experts to know which VPS options are great.

There are no valid reasons why you should not go for VPS hosting. With its capacity and its offered services, it ensures you that you will have success in the online world without the need to face any hassle and any difficulty at all.

Web site hosting

Web hosting is when you have a website and would like to put it up onto the internet for people to browse. That means, you have to put your website, which consists of index.html and all other files of your website onto a server. Now, web hosting companies are companies which will allow you to put your website onto their servers for people to access across the world wide web (ie internet) by paying a monthly fee to them.
Putting up your website onto a server is known as web hosting. Companies which does that as a business are called web hosting companies.

http://hostgatorhost.pinurl.com

The above web host is a great example of a popular web host company that many people use and it offers 100% uptime of its servers. If the servers have any un-scheduled downtime, the company will rebate you for that month. Try it. It is also very cheap in its pricing.

Wat is website hosting?

Website hosting is het beschikbaar stellen van een stuk schijfruimte op een server, een computer die continu met het internet verbonden is, waarop bijvoorbeeld de pagina's van een website op geplaatst kunnen worden.
Zo'n afgebakend stuk schijfruimte, met alle bijbehorende diensten en beheermogelijkheden, noemen we een hosting account.
And read this:

Web hosting is the service that makes your website available to be viewed by others on the Internet. A web host provides space on its server, so that other computers around the world can access your website by means of a network or modem. There are literally thousands of web hosting services available today, ranging from free services with limited options to expensive, specialized business web hosting services. Which option you choose depends primarily on how you plan to use your website and how much you want to spend.

Types of Web Hosting Services

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Many people put up their first websites through their ISPs, because it's generally easy and inexpensive. Most ISP service packages include a small amount of free web space, along with tools to create and upload websites quickly and easily. ISP websites are perfect for people who want to put up small sites with low amounts of traffic. However, there are usually rate restrictions, and most ISPs don't offer a lot of features, so they might not be the best choice for a thriving business website.

Free Web Hosting

Free web hosting is another good option for smaller, personal websites. There are many free hosting providers that offer all types of features; some include CGI access and more. The drawback to most free hosting services is that they are funded by advertising that appears on your site, so free web hosting so generally best for personal, rather than business, websites.

Paid Hosting

With paid hosting, you pay a fee for space and services on a web hosting provider's server. Monthly fees can range from a few dollars to several hundred dollars. Obviously, the more you pay, the more features you should have at your disposal. Services can include CGI access, database support, ASP, e-commerce, SSL, additional space on the server, extra bandwidth, and more.

Domain Hosting

A good option for small businesses is to pay for domain hosting. Domain hosting allows you to host your site anywhere you like: on an ISP, a free hosting service, or even your own server. You buy a domain name and have the provider forward all requests for that domain to the actual web location. This is often less expensive than buying both the domain and the hosting service, and it allows businesses to brand their URLs.

Collocation

Collocation is an option for businesses that want to run their own web servers and machines, but don't want to have to maintain them directly. With collocation, the website owner places its own server on the premises of its ISP or other host, where it is stored, maintained, and provided with an uninterrupted power supply. Collocation provides security and protection for your server while still giving you control of your own equipment.

Direct Internet Access

Hosting your site yourself offers you the most control over your web server. Companies with large data centers or that require high security in every aspect of their web and Internet access should look into this type of hosting.